This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice counting skills such as correspondence and cardinality. When students practice counting with manipulatives they learn to recognize that number names are stated in a standard order, each number word is paired with one and only one object, and the last number stated in the sequence tells the number of total objects counted in the set. It is important for students to master skills such as correspondence and cardinality, because a strong foundation in counting is necessary for students to learn other skills such as number relations.
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This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles and the set model to convert mixed numbers to improper fractions. It is important that students have the opportunity to convert fractions using both models of representation.
This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles to multiply a fraction and whole number. Students should have experience with determining the fraction of a whole (2 x 2/3) before being introduced to determining the fraction of a fraction (2/3 x 3/4). Before students multiply fractions, they should understand the concepts of repeated addition and grouping as it is used with multiplication of whole numbers. Teachers can model how to create equivalent groups (such as two groups of 2/3). Students can then use skills of addition and converting improper fractions to mixed numbers to find the product.
This video demonstrates how to use the set model to subtract fractions with unlike denominators. Students need to have the prerequisite conceptual knowledge of finding like denominators before they can apply subtraction strategies to fractions with unlike denominators.
This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles to model fraction addition with unit fractions. After a teacher models how to appropriately use fraction tiles to solve addition problems, students can use the tools to explore fractions with guided and independent practice.
This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles to convert mixed numbers to improper fractions. As students practice this process with fraction tiles, they will also gain fluency with determining different fractions that are equivalent to 1.
This video demonstrates how to use benchmark fractions, such as ½, to compare fractions with unlike denominators. When students show that they are proficient comparing fractions using concrete manipulatives or pictorial representations, they may be ready to compare fractions using reasoning strategies without representations. For beginners and for students who struggle, it may also be important for teachers to model to students how to check their work using other tools, such as fraction tiles.
This video illustrates the use of an efficient counting on strategy that students may practice to solve simple addition problems without the use of manipulatives. When students use a counting on strategy to solve an addition problem, they must be able to hold one number in working memory; however, an important working memory strategy to teach students and allow students to practice includes using fingers to track counting. Counting on is an efficient strategy that students may use to quickly determine the solution to an addition problem. With enough practice opportunities students will soon be able to perform simple arithmetic without the use of working memory strategies such as finger counting.
This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice counting skills such as identifying a set within a set of objects, correspondence, and counting on in order to determine the cardinality of a set of objects.
This video uses manipulatives to review common counting errors that many students who struggle with counting exhibit. When students make counting errors such as coordination errors, omission errors, and double counting errors, it suggests that they do not have a solid foundation of one-to-one correspondence with counting. Allowing students multiple opportunities to practice counting with a set of objects presented in a line will help students refine skills in correspondence. Students may also commit errors related to reciting the correct counting sequence. If students have not mastered the stable orders of numbers, they will not be able to correctly apply other counting skills; therefore, students should be provided with multiple opportunities to practice the verbal count sequence.