This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles to explore how fractions such as 4/4 are equivalent to 1. Before fractions are introduced in the curriculum, students use integers, which only have one value associated with the numeral or number word. Fractions may be the first time that students are introduced to the possibility that the same quantity can be represented with different representations, such as one whole and four fourths. Using models allows students to practice finding equivalent fractions, which is a prerequisite skill for performing computation with fractions.
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This video demonstrates how to use fraction tiles to explore how different fractions can be equivalent to the same value, such as 1/5 and 2/10. It is important for students to understand that fractions have multiple representations because they can apply this knowledge to compare fractions, find common denominators, and perform computation with fractions.
This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice counting skills such as correspondence and cardinality. When students practice counting with manipulatives they learn to recognize that number names are stated in a standard order, each number word is paired with one and only one object, and the last number stated in the sequence tells the number of total objects counted in the set. It is important for students to master skills such as correspondence and cardinality, because a strong foundation in counting is necessary for students to learn other skills such as number relations.
This video illustrates the use of scaffolding with manipulatives to teach students to group objects by tens with counting by ones.
This video demonstrates how to use lattice multiplication. Although the lattice multiplication strategy eliminates regrouping while solving the problem, it requires careful construction of the lattice (it needs to be the correct size), correct placement of the numbers (above or below the lattice line), and a solid understanding of place value. The lattice strategy uses place value by partitioning multi-digit numbers into smaller parts and it may not be an efficient strategy for students to use if they do not understand how multiplication works. However, learning this strategy with whole numbers may benefit students as they begin to multiply decimals as lattice multiplication is an efficient tool to use with decimals.
This video uses manipulatives to review common counting errors that many students who struggle with counting exhibit. When students make counting errors such as coordination errors, omission errors, and double counting errors, it suggests that they do not have a solid foundation of one-to-one correspondence with counting. Allowing students multiple opportunities to practice counting with a set of objects presented in a line will help students refine skills in correspondence. Students may also commit errors related to reciting the correct counting sequence. If students have not mastered the stable orders of numbers, they will not be able to correctly apply other counting skills; therefore, students should be provided with multiple opportunities to practice the verbal count sequence.
This video describes how to use the partial sums strategy with addition. The problem in this video requires regrouping; however, the partial sums strategy eliminates the regrouping procedure. The partial sums strategy is typically performed left to right and focuses on adding only part of each multi-digit number at a time (e.g., only adding digits in the hundreds column to determine the partial sum of hundreds, followed by only adding digits in the tens column to determine the partial sum of tens, and so on). It may be especially important for students to know and understand the partial sums strategies if they have not yet developed an understanding for regrouping. This strategy is also efficient when all or most of the numbers have the same number of digits.
This video illustrates the use of manipulatives to help students practice counting skills such as identifying a set within a set of objects, correspondence, and counting on in order to determine the cardinality of a set of objects.
This video illustrates the use of an efficient counting on strategy that students may practice to solve simple addition problems without the use of manipulatives. When students use a counting on strategy to solve an addition problem, they must be able to hold one number in working memory; however, an important working memory strategy to teach students and allow students to practice includes using fingers to track counting. Counting on is an efficient strategy that students may use to quickly determine the solution to an addition problem. With enough practice opportunities students will soon be able to perform simple arithmetic without the use of working memory strategies such as finger counting.
This video illustrates the use of an efficient counting on strategy that students may practice to solve simple subtraction problems without the use of manipulatives.