The purpose of this brief from the National Center for Systemic Improvement is to synthesize research on coaching and to offer a framework of effective coaching practices. Part 1 provides general information on coaching, including the need for coaching and the goals of coaching. Part 2 describes critical coaching practices that are linked to improvements in teacher practice and learner outcomes. As these practices are most associated with such improvements, they are the recommended practices that should be central to the every-day routine of coaches working in general education or special education settings, as well in environments (e.g., homes, schools, childcare centers) with learners of all ages. Appendix A contains information about various coaching models commonly cited in research and applied in the field (e.g., literacy coaching, behavior coaching, math coaching).
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Many students who require intensive intervention also are students with disabilities. Thus, when used school-wide, data-based individualization (DBI) can help school teams design and implement a prereferral process and high-quality special education services. Furthermore, DBI also provides schools with a validated approach for identifying and supporting students with severe and persistent learning and behavior problems, including students who may require special education. This is because the data collected through the DBI process can assist teams in assessing the need for specialized instruction, which is one of two requirements for determining eligibility for special education. In addition, data collected through the DBI process can support special education teachers in more accurately developing present levels, goals, and specialized instruction and support that will be included in the initial IEP.
When a student fails to respond to a validated intervention, teams need to identify why the student is not responding to determine how to adapt the intervention. Diagnostic data can assist teams in this process. They may be used to understand a student’s specific skill deficits and strengths or to identify the environmental events that predict and maintain the student’s problem behavior.
Successful implementation of intensive intervention using data-based individualization (DBI) is more likely to occur in schools that have a well-functioning tiered system of support, commonly called a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS), response to intervention (RTI), or positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS), depending on your location and area of focus. Intensive intervention is considered the most intense level of intervention and also may be known as Tier 3.
In this video, Rob Horner, Professor of Special Education at the University of Oregon and co-Director of OSEP Technical Assistance Center on PBIS and the OSEP Research and Demonstration Center on School-wide Behavior Support, discusses how data systems can be used within the context of intensive intervention.
This module focuses on behavioral theory and is an introduction to observing and measuring behavior. By the end of this module, you should be able to: Describe the rationale and importance of behavior support Define and identify elements of basic behavioral theory including three-term contingency, reinforcement, punishment and extinction Define and describe the function of behavior
The Taxonomy of Intervention Intensity (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Malone, 2017) can be used to select or evaluate an intervention platform used as the validated intervention platform or the foundation of the DBI process. It can also be used to guide the adaptation of intensification of an intervention during the intervention adaptation step of the DBI process. The Taxonomy includes the following dimensions:
In Module 7 of the Intensive Intervention in Mathematics Course Content we focus on rational number concepts and computation. In Modules 4 and 5, we emphasized important instructional delivery methods and strategies to include when providing instruction within intensive intervention. Modules 6 and 7 focus on important concepts and procedures for whole numbers (Module 6) and rational numbers (Module 7) teachers may find important for being able to explain mathematics to students.
In this video, Dr. Catherine Bradshaw, Deputy Director of the John Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence and Co-Director of the John Hopkins Center for Prevention and Early Intervention, discusses PBIS, who it works for, and under what conditions it works best.
Module 6 is the second in a set of four course modules focused on explicit instruction. This module introduces the concept of supporting practices necessary for successful implementation of explicit instruction. The module introduces how to use effective methods to elicit frequent responses. Throughout the module, educators will learn how eliciting frequent responses support instruction within the DBI framework.